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The gases can be carried hundreds of kilometers in the atmosphere before they are converted to acids and deposited. In the past, factories had short funnels to let out smoke but this caused many problems locally; thus, factories now have taller smoke funnels. However, dispersal from these taller stacks causes pollutants to be carried farther, causing widespread ecological damage. Chemical processes. Combustion of fuels produces sulfur dioxide and nitric oxides. They are converted into sulfuric acid and nitric acid. This is due to reactions in the liquid water droplets. Hydrolysis. Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water and then, like carbon dioxide, hydrolyses in a series of equilibrium reactions: SO2 (g) + H2. O . The most important oxidation reactions are with ozone, hydrogen peroxide and oxygen (reactions with oxygen are catalyzed by iron and manganese in the cloud droplets). This can result from the deposition of acids produced in the raindrops (see aqueous phase chemistry above) or by the precipitation removing the acids either in clouds or below clouds. Wet removal of both gases and aerosols are both of importance for wet deposition. Dry deposition. Acid deposition also occurs via dry deposition in the absence of precipitation. This can be responsible for as much as 2. At p. Hs lower than 5 most fish eggs will not hatch and lower p. Hs can kill adult fish. As lakes and rivers become more acidic biodiversity is reduced. Acid rain has eliminated insect life and some fish species, including the brook trout in some lakes, streams, and creeks in geographically sensitive areas, such as the Adirondack Mountains of the United States. The United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) website states: . Some microbes are unable to tolerate changes to low p. H and are killed. 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That is, the scrubber turns sulfur pollution into industrial sulfates. In some areas the sulfates are sold to chemical companies as gypsum when the purity of calcium sulfate is high. In others, they are placed in landfill. However, the effects of acid rain can last for generations, as the effects of p. H level change can stimulate the continued leaching of undesirable chemicals into otherwise pristine water sources, killing off vulnerable insect and fish species and blocking efforts to restore native life. Fluidized bed combustion also reduces the amount of sulfur emitted by power production. Vehicle emissions control reduces emissions of nitrogen oxides from motor vehicles. International treaties. A number of international treaties on the long- range transport of atmospheric pollutants have been agreed for example, the 1. Helsinki Protocol on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions under the Convention on Long- Range Transboundary Air Pollution. 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Quran Russian Theme TV quran russian translation arabic 29. Optimistic Channel news film talk culture 38. Russian TV schedule and subscription information for popular russian channels including Channel 1, NTV America, RTVi, Dom Kino from Directv and Dish. Page Header Russian TV. DIRECTV offers your favorite Russian TV channels including Channel 1 Russia, RTR Planeta, Dom Kino, RTVi, Carousel, & more. Enjoy this popular weekly program about those who live. Program TV - Channel One Russia. |
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